Smoking poses a major threat to lung health - World Lung Day on September 25 highlights the need for lifelong lung care

work continuously from the first breath until the last. They supply oxygen to every cell in the body and remove carbon dioxide, playing a vital role in sustaining life. However, smoking, air pollution, dust, chemical exposure, infections, allergies and changing lifestyles are placing an increasing burden on lung health.

World Lung Day is observed every year on September 25 to create awareness about the importance of lung health, promote prevention of respiratory diseases and encourage people to seek timely medical care. The theme for 2026, ‘A Lifetime of Lung Health’, announced by the Forum of International Respiratory Societies (FIRS), emphasises the need to protect lung health at every stage of life — from childhood to old age.

Smoking remains a major threat

Smoking is among the most harmful habits for lung health. Cigarettes, bidis and other tobacco products can damage lung tissue, while exposure to second-hand smoke can also pose serious health risks. Harmful substances in tobacco smoke can cause long-term damage and increase the risk of chronic respiratory diseases and lung cancer.

There is no safe level of tobacco use, according to the World Health Organisation. Quitting smoking is one of the most important steps a person can take to protect lung health. Even people who have been smoking for many years can benefit from quitting.

People who smoke at home should also ensure that children, older adults and pregnant women are protected from second-hand smoke.

Pollution adds to the burden

The increasing levels of air pollution in cities, along with smoking, dust exposure and occupational exposure to chemicals, are contributing to respiratory problems. A growing number of people are seeking medical attention for breathing-related symptoms.

National-level studies also indicate the extent of the problem. A study among people aged 45 years and above in India found asthma in about 4.38% and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in about 2.1% of the participants. The prevalence of both conditions was higher among those aged 60 years and above compared with those in the 45–59 age group.

Men affected more in available studies

Available national studies have reported a higher prevalence of asthma and COPD among men compared with women. Factors such as smoking and occupational exposure to dust and smoke may contribute to this difference. The nationally conducted SWORD study also reported a somewhat higher proportion of men among patients presenting with respiratory problems at hospitals.

Risk varies with age

Respiratory problems can occur at any age, although the pattern may vary across different stages of life. Children are more likely to experience asthma and allergy-related respiratory problems. Among young adults, exposure to air pollution, smoking and occupational dust can contribute to respiratory illness. In people aged over 60, COPD and other chronic respiratory conditions are more common. With advancing age, declining lung function and the presence of other health conditions can also increase the severity of respiratory problems.

Persistent cough and breathlessness need attention

A cough lasting for more than three weeks, recurrent breathlessness, wheezing, chest tightness, difficulty breathing while climbing stairs or blood in the sputum should not be ignored. People who smoke or are regularly exposed to dust, smoke or air pollution should be particularly vigilant. Protecting lung health requires a combination of preventive measures.

Dr. Shubhakar NadellaConsultant Clinical and Interventional Pulmonologist,KIMS Hospitals, Kondapur

Quitting smoking, reducing exposure to air pollution and occupational dust, using appropriate masks when necessary, exercising regularly, taking recommended vaccinations and seeking medical advice when symptoms persist can all help protect lung function. Lung health should not be viewed as a concern only for older adults. The foundations for healthy lungs are laid in childhood and need to be maintained throughout life. ‘A Lifetime of Lung Health’ is therefore not merely a theme for World Lung Day, but a reminder that every breath deserves attention and care.